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Policy Studies

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  • Public education at a crossroads: Math and reading outcomes (low-income students only) 
    Public education at a crossroads: Math and reading outcomes (low-income students only) 

    Between 2003 and 2019, the average U.S. 4th grade NAEP math score for free and reduced-price lunch eligible students increased by seven points.

    K-12 Education Spending Spotlight by Aaron Garth Smith, Jordan Campbell and Christian Barnard February 29, 2024

  • Public education at a crossroads: Enrollment, staffing, and teacher salary trends 2002-2020
    Public education at a crossroads: Enrollment, staffing, and teacher salary trends 2002-2020

    Nationwide, inflation-adjusted average teacher salaries fell by 0.6% between 2002 and 2020 with a total of 26 states seeing declines.

    K-12 Education Spending Spotlight by Aaron Garth Smith, Jordan Campbell and Christian Barnard February 29, 2024

  • Public education at a crossroads: K-12 education revenue and expenditure trends 2002-2020
    Public education at a crossroads: K-12 education revenue and expenditure trends 2002-2020

    Nationwide, inflation-adjusted public school revenues grew from $12,852 per student in 2002 to $16,065 per student in 2020.

    K-12 Education Spending Spotlight by Aaron Garth Smith, Jordan Campbell and Christian Barnard February 29, 2024

  • Public education at a crossroads: A comprehensive look at K-12 resources and outcomes
    Public education at a crossroads: A comprehensive look at K-12 resources and outcomes

    Examining key education spending, enrollment, staffing, and student performance data over the past two decades in all 50 states.

    K-12 Education Spending Spotlight by Aaron Garth Smith, Christian Barnard and Jordan Campbell February 29, 2024

  • K-12 Education Spending Spotlight 2025: Annual public school spending nears $1 trillion
    K-12 Education Spending Spotlight 2025: Annual public school spending nears $1 trillion

    Eight states spend more than $25,000 per student: New York, New Jersey, Vermont, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, California, Rhode Island and Hawaii. Public school enrollment fell in 39 states from 2020 to 2023.

    K-12 Education Spending Spotlight by Aaron Garth Smith and Jordan Campbell November 20, 2025

  • Student-Based Budgeting Helps Principals Be More Effective Educators
    Student-Based Budgeting Helps Principals Be More Effective Educators

    Some school districts fear budget autonomy will distract principals but are finding it actually helps principals identify what is working and what is needed at their schools

    Policy Brief by Aaron Garth Smith September 1, 2015

  • School Choice, Funding Portability, and Trends In Educational Privatization
    School Choice, Funding Portability, and Trends In Educational Privatization

    Education Chapter of Annual Privatization Report 2016

    Policy Brief by Aaron Garth Smith and Tyler Koteskey August 2, 2016

  • Beyond Test Scores: A Central Role For Financial Health In Evaluating Arizona’s Charter Schools
    Beyond Test Scores: A Central Role For Financial Health In Evaluating Arizona’s Charter Schools

    With the recent passage of HB 2663, now is a critical time for Arizona to assess how it evaluates charter schools.

    Policy Brief by Aaron Garth Smith September 5, 2018

  • Why Local Education Funding Favors Politics Over Parents—And How To Fix It
    Why Local Education Funding Favors Politics Over Parents—And How To Fix It

    Why policymakers should eliminate local operating revenues and move to a full-state funding model.

    Policy Brief by Aaron Garth Smith October 18, 2018

  • A Student-Centered Approach to School Finance That Benefits Every Child In North Carolina
    A Student-Centered Approach to School Finance That Benefits Every Child In North Carolina

    Overhauling the state’s funding system would provide the foundation needed to unlock the potential of school leaders to maximize how and where education dollars are deployed.

    Policy Brief by Aaron Garth Smith and Dr. Terry Stoops August 9, 2019

  • How to Improve Missouri’s Education Funding Formula
    How to Improve Missouri’s Education Funding Formula

    Missouri’s school finance system fails to ensure that education dollars are allocated in a fair and transparent manner.

    Policy Brief by Aaron Garth Smith and Susan Pendergrass November 18, 2019

  • Planning For Potential Budget Cutbacks In Michigan: Sustainable School Finance Solutions
    Planning For Potential Budget Cutbacks In Michigan: Sustainable School Finance Solutions

    Even in a constrained fiscal environment, Michigan can improve education funding equity and better empower local school leaders.

    Policy Brief by Aaron Garth Smith and Christian Barnard October 27, 2020

  • A Student-Centered Funding Roadmap for Policymakers
    A Student-Centered Funding Roadmap for Policymakers

    Student-centered funding models treat every child more fairly, better recognize individuality, and allow for innovation and progress.

    Policy Brief by Aaron Garth Smith and Christian Barnard October 29, 2020

  • Streamline: How to Allocate Education Dollars Strategically
    Streamline: How to Allocate Education Dollars Strategically

    Education dollars should be allocated based on students’ needs using a weighted-student formula so that funding is fair, portable, and transparent.

    Policy Brief by Aaron Garth Smith and Christian Barnard October 29, 2020

  • Equalize: Education Funding Policies That Put All Kids on a Level Playing Field
    Equalize: Education Funding Policies That Put All Kids on a Level Playing Field

    Education dollars should be equalized to ensure that funding is based on students, not property wealth or zip code.

    Policy Brief by Aaron Garth Smith and Christian Barnard October 29, 2020

  • Empower: How to Put Families and School Leaders in the Driver’s Seat
    Empower: How to Put Families and School Leaders in the Driver’s Seat

    Policymakers should let those who are closest to kids decide how education dollars are spent, and families should be given options outside of their residentially-assigned public schools.

    Policy Brief by Aaron Garth Smith and Christian Barnard October 29, 2020

  • Inform: Give Stakeholders The Information They Need to Make Sound Education Funding Decisions 
    Inform: Give Stakeholders The Information They Need to Make Sound Education Funding Decisions 

    Financial transparency can help leaders get the most out of education dollars while shining light on their spending decisions.

    Policy Brief by Aaron Garth Smith and Christian Barnard October 29, 2020

  • Modernizing School Finance in Idaho
    Modernizing School Finance in Idaho

    This policy brief provides a brief overview of Idaho’s school finance system, highlights its primary shortcomings, and makes several recommendations for reform.

    Policy Brief by Aaron Garth Smith, Christian Barnard and Satya Marar January 11, 2021

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