- Lessons for California from Australia’s Water Reforms
- EPA Dramatically Expands Waters Under Federal Jurisdiction
- Celebrate Endangered Species and America’s True Conservationists, Not the Endangered Species Act
- The Real Story Behind the Teddy Bear’s Conservation
- Arbitrary Sage Grouse Decisions
- “Green” Energy Continues to Harm Wildlife
- Europe’s “Green Energy” Policy May Be Increasing Carbon Emissions
- Mapping the Cost of Keystone XL Delay
Lessons for California from Australia’s Water Reforms
As Californians search for solutions to the worst drought in the state’s history, some have looked across the Pacific to the example of Australia, which has dramatically improved its management of water over the past two decades. Unfortunately, some advocates seem to have misconstrued the central lessons from Australia, suggesting that it justifies more government intervention.
A new paper for Reason Foundation by top Australian environmental economist Jeff Bennet shows that while government has a role to play in improving the definition, enforcement, and tradability of water rights, it should otherwise get out of the way. As I note, the lessons for California are clear:
1. California needs a quick, simple and inexpensive means of determining the actual amount of water allocated to each rights holder. Since precipitation varies from year to year, such allocations would ideally be shares of the total, rather than absolute amounts.
2. California should change its “beneficial use” requirement so that rights owners may store their water; currently, they must use it or lose it. Rights owners would then conserve water during wetter years, so that it might be available for use during years of drought.
3. Restrictions imposed by state and federal agencies on trading water must be eliminated so that water can be put to its highest valued uses.
4. Water storage and transportation infrastructure owned by state and federal governments should be sold or leased to private companies or nonprofits that have stronger incentives to ensure the infrastructure is maintained, improved, and used to store or move water where it is most highly valued.
5. Instead of requiring mandatory diversions for “environmental” uses (which currently account for about fifty percent of all the state’s fresh water), California should allocate funds (perhaps including some of the $7.5 billion water bond voters supported last November) to match those raised by non-profit conservation groups to purchase water rights. Those non-profits would then have to take into account the value others place on water when prioritizing investments in conservation of species and habitat, rather than lobbying for “free” transfers.
6. Convert municipal water agencies into private, mutual companies. Prices would then be determined by the shareholders, i.e. domestic users, and would better reflect both scarcity and supply costs. Consumers might then choose to use less water but would not be forced to do so by diktat.
EPA Dramatically Expands Waters Under Federal Jurisdiction
While Australia’s experience demonstrates the importance of decentralized management, federal water policy seems to be headed in precisely the opposite direction. At the end of May, the Environmental Protection Agency and the Bureau of Land Management released their final “Clean Water Rule”, which expands the definition of “Waters of the United States” and thereby their jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act. While the stated intention of the Clean Water Act is to improve water quality, the likely consequence of this new rule is to replace local incentives to manage water in accordance with local needs with arbitrary federal controls. In many cases this is likely to have the opposite effect to that intended.
The ostensible purpose of the Clean Water Act is to regulate discharge of pollutants into what are known as “navigable waters.” But over the decades the Environmental Protection Agency has expanded this to include isolated wetlands and pools of water unconnected to navigable waters, and tiny streams that can only be navigated by a toy boat, not the type of adult-sized boat the for which the legislation was originally intended and common sense dictates. This regulatory expansion has caused significant hardships for many landowners who find, among other things, that low-lying areas that only hold a few inches of water when it rains, or seasonal streams that are dry for much of the year, are subject to regulation and permitting under the Clean Water Act – all of which is enforced with threats of jail time and huge fines.
Now the Environmental Protection Agency has extended the regulatory reach of the Clean Water Act to encompass even more waters that are not navigable, including: irrigation ditches if any portion was dug from a watercourse that flows eventually, but not necessarily directly, into a navigable water; any watercourse or water drainage so long as it has a bank, bed and high water mark; and any water feature, including those that are not navigable, within ¾ of a mile of a so-called “jurisdictional water” as long as the feature meets any one of nine extremely broad “significant nexus” criteria.
This expansion will not only create significant hardships for America’s landowners; it will also likely be detrimental to endangered and at-risk species. America’s landowners are the key to endangered species conservation because they own more endangered species habitat than the public sector. Yet the Endangered Species Act, like the Clean Water Act, can create significant financial hardships for landowners that harbor endangered species. Now, with the added burden of the new definition of Waters of the U.S., landowners will be under increasing pressure, with the result that they are less likely to be amenable to conserving endangered species, which includes collaborating with public agencies and allowing researchers on their land to conduct surveys for species.
Celebrate Endangered Species and America’s True Conservationists, Not the Endangered Species Act
In a recent commentary, Reason Foundation’s Brian Seasholes reflects on America’s marvelous diversity of species and the private landowners who are the key to successful endangered species conservation – as well as the counterproductive way the federal government goes about protecting these species, most notably the Endangered Species Act.
The Real Story Behind the Teddy Bear’s Conservation
In this op-ed, Reason’s Brian Seasholes notes that the “teddy bear” is poised to come off the endangered species list. The proposed delisting (which will take about a year to finalize) is being hailed as a great success story of cooperative, feel-good conservation that allegedly resulted from listing under the Endangered Species Act. In reality, the story is far different. Contrary to popular opinion, the Louisiana black bear – nicknamed “teddy bear” after President Teddy Roosevelt refused to shoot one under what he considered unsporting conditions – is a symbol of how the Endangered Species Act works through threats, intimidation and compulsion to gain landowners’ “voluntary” compliance.
Arbitrary Sage Grouse Decisions
The Interior Department decided not to list the bi-state population of the greater sage grouse, which lives along the border of California and Nevada, under the Endangered Species Act. This is good news for the bird and the landowners who harbor it. Due to the Endangered Species Act’s penalty-based approach, listing under the Act can often backfire by creating strong incentives for landowners to stop conserving the species, and to destroy and degrade habitat.
Yet last November the Interior Department decided to list the Gunnison sage grouse, which is closely related to the bi-state population and has a similarly small population, even though more than two decades of conservation work, especially in Colorado, resulted in a slowly increasing population (as Reason’s Brian Seasholes has written about here and here).
So despite that far more conservation measures, over a much longer period of time, were implemented for the Gunnison sage grouse, compared to the bi-state sage grouse, the Gunnison sage grouse ended up being listed because the Interior Department deemed the measures insufficient. Meanwhile the Department found the less extensive and less enduring conservation measures for the bi-state sage grouse to be sufficient to stave-off listing.
These two apparently arbitrary decisions have people scratching their heads and worried because by the end of September the Interior Department is going to make what is likely the most significant species listing decision in the history of the Endangered Species Act: whether to list the greater sage grouse across its range in 10 western states and over 160 million acres. States, landowners and commercial interests are frantically working to prevent a proposed listing of the greater sage grouse. Whether these efforts are successful is unclear, especially because of the very different signals given by the Interior Department in its decisions on the bi-state and Gunnison sage grouse.
“Green” Energy Continues to Harm Wildlife
Recently released research shows that 30,000 wind turbines have already been installed in regions used by endangered and sensitive bird species, with 50,000 more turbines planned in the coming years. Turbines are an increasing threat to birds, causing direct mortality, as well as rendering habitat unsuitable. Among the birds threatened by wind turbines are the endangered whooping crane, one of America’s rarest birds, and the greater sage grouse, which is a candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act. The whooping crane has to fly a gauntlet of 24,000 turbines and growing along its migratory pathway, while the greater sage grouse is intolerant of tall structures, such as the 3,000 turbines in its range that can serve as perches for predatory raptors.
“Wind turbines are among the fastest-growing threats to our nation’s birds,” according to Dr. Michael Hutchins, Director of the American Bird Conservancy’s Bird Smart Wind Energy Campaign. “Our nation’s wildlife should not be collateral damage in the battle against climate change, especially when much of the conflict could be easily addressed through better siting of wind projects and improved regulation,” he added. “Transmission line collisions are already a leading cause of Whooping Crane mortality. There will be a major expansion of these lines needed to service the 20,000-plus turbines currently planned for their migration corridor.”
A study by a group of academic biologists from universities in Kansas, Ohio and Montana and published in the May issue of the journal American Ornithology found that wind turbines have negative impacts on breeding male greater prairie chickens because the birds avoid tall landscape features, including trees and manmade structures, on which predatory raptors can perch. While the greater prairie chicken is not endangered, its decline over much of its range has been of concern. Meanwhile, the lesser prairie chicken, which was listed as endangered in March 2014, may also be under threat from wind turbines.
The wind turbine and utility-scale solar energy industries have been granted preferential regulatory treatment by the federal government when it comes to laws protecting migratory birds and endangered species. More recently, the wind energy industry lobby has stated its concern that the recent decision to list the northern long-eared bat-which has a range that encompasses almost all of the Eastern U.S. as well as the entire Midwest and much of the Great Plains-is going to have a negative impact on wind farm owners. While this concern is well-founded, it also highlights the difficult position the wind industry has helped create by lobbying for special treatment.
In addition to wind turbines, utility-scale solar energy generation facilities harm a wide range of species, especially birds. As we previously reported, according to one estimate, 3,500 birds die each year at the recently completed Ivanpah solar thermal power station in the California desert. Most of birds killed at Ivanpah are more common species, such as mourning doves, but some are less common species, including several types of raptors. But the problem may well grow over time: a 2014 report by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service stated that facilities such as Ivanpah may be “mega-traps” for wildlife because they “attract insects, which in turn attract insect-eating birds, which are incapacitated by solar flux injury, thus attracting predators and creating an entire food chain vulnerable to injury and death.”
Europe’s “Green Energy” Policy May Be Increasing Carbon Emissions
European policies intended to reduce carbon emissions may be having the opposite effect, according to a recent study. Europeans are burning more “biomass” in the form of wood pellets, as a replacement for coal, in response to incentives created by the EU intended to move toward a form of energy that produces less carbon dioxide. But a recently released report on emissions from Drax, a British electric utility that uses such wood, found that lifecycle carbon emissions of pellets from intentionally cut hardwood trees were much higher than expected. Although the study did not make a direct comparison, using data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, it appears that the carbon dioxide emissions for wood pellets were nearly as high as for coal – and higher than for new gas-fired power stations.
Mapping the Cost of Keystone XL Delay
Delay in building the Keystone XL pipeline to transport Canadian crude oil to U.S. refineries has resulted in a massive increase in the use of rail tankers to transport the oil. This has led to a huge increase in the number of rail accidents and resulting spills involving Canadian oil, which has negative environmental impacts, including to endangered species, as Brian Seasholes has noted. Now National Geographic provides some helpful graphics to illustrate how these train accidents and oil spills have skyrocketed since 2010.
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Contact the editor, Julian Morris, Vice President of Research, Reason Foundation at:
julian.morris@reason.org